Logical Operators

1. What are Logical Operators?

Logical operators combine two or more boolean conditions into a single result. Java provides AND (&&), OR (||), and NOT (!) to build these combined conditions.

2. Why is it used?

Real decisions often depend on more than one condition at once — like allowing login only if both the username AND password are correct. Logical operators let a program handle these multiple conditions together.

3. Real-Life Example

Think of an exam eligibility rule: "You can appear for the exam only if your attendance is above 75% AND your fees are fully paid." Both conditions must be true together — exactly how the && operator behaves.

4. Syntax

java
condition1 && condition2   // true only if both are true
condition1 || condition2   // true if at least one is true
!condition                 // reverses true to false, and false to true

5. Example Program

java
public class LogicalDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int attendance = 80;
        boolean feesPaid = true;

        boolean isEligible = (attendance > 75) && feesPaid;
        System.out.println("Exam Eligible: " + isEligible);
    }
}

Output:

Exam Eligible: true

6. Key Points to Remember

• && and || use "short-circuit" evaluation — if the first condition already decides the result, the second condition is not even checked.
• ! simply flips a boolean's value.
• Don't confuse logical operators (&&, ||) with bitwise operators (&, |) — they look similar but behave differently.